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Conduction
Conduction
The transfer of heat between two substances that are touching.
For example, as cold air flows over a warm sea, the air brushing against the sea begins to warm up. (This warmed air may then be transferred to higher levels
by convection.)
Continental climate
A climate experienced in places far from the ocean, or where winds blow constantly offshore. Typical effects of a continental climate include maximum amount of rainfall in the summer and
a large variation between summer and winter temperatures.
Convection
The process whereby air turns over due to being heated from below.
Warm air is less dense than cold air and so will rise through cold air. If air is warmed near
the ground, it will begin to rise through the atmosphere, usually in the form of thermals. This may cause the formation of cumulus clouds. To balance the rising
air, cold air sinks between the thermals. This cold air is cloud free, explaining why cumulus clouds are separated by patches
of clear sky.
Convectional rain
Rain, often torrential, from thunderstorms (convectional thunderstorms) that have been produced by moist air rising vertically from the surrounding heated land or ocean surface (convectional activity).
Cool temperate climate
A climate in which the seasons (spring, summer, autumn and winter) change mainly due to temperature, and in which there is
 Cumulonimbus cloud – Cumulonimbus clouds are the typical storm clouds of summer, as here over the Great Plains.
a cold season (below 6°C) of one to five months.
Cool temperate climates can be maritime (western margin, with maximum rainfall in the winter) or continental (eastern margin, with maximum rainfall in the summer).
(See also: Cold climate and Warm climate.)
Cool temperate, dry climate
Dry climates that have hot summers and cold winters. They have unreliable summer rainfall that often results in scrubby vegetation. Steppe, prairie, pampas and veld are all names for vegetation zones in
the mid-latitudes connected to dry climates.
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