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Index A
Aa lava (see: Lava) Abrasion 3
Acid brown soil 3 Acid rock 3
Acid soil 3–4
Acidity (see: pH) Agglomerate 4
Ahorizon 4
Alfisol 4
Alkaline rock 4
Alkaline soil 4
Alluvial soil 5
Alluvium (see: Alluvial soil;
Parent material;
Superficial deposit) Amygdule 5 Andesite 5 Anthracite 5 Aquiclude 6
Aquifer 6 Arenaceous 6 Argillaceous 6 Arkose 6
Ash 6
Augite 6
Axis of symmetry 6
B
Basalt 6–7 Basic rock 6 Batholith 7 Bauxite 7
Bed 8
Bedding plane 8 Beryl 8
B horizon 8 Biotite 8 Black earth
(see: Chernozem) Black cotton soil
(see: Black soil) Black soil 8
Boss 9 Botryoidal 9 Breccia 9
Brown soil, brown earth 9 Butte (see: Sandstone)
C
Calcareous rock 10 Calcareous soil 10 Calcite 10
Cap rock 10 Carbonate minerals 10 Central vent volcano
(see: Stratovolcano) Chalk 10
Chemical rock 11 Chemical weathering 11 Chernozem 12
Chestnut soil 12
C horizon 12
Cinder cone 12
Clast 12
Clastic rock 12
Clay 13
Clay minerals 13
Clay soil 13
Cleavage 13
Coal 13
Coarse-grained rocks 14 Colour, soil 14
Compost 14
Conchoidal fracture
(see: Fracture) Conglomerate 14 Conservation, soil 14 Contact metamorphism 14 Copper 15
Cotton soil (see: Vertisol) Creep, soil 15 Cross-bedding 15
Crumb structure 16 Crust 16
Crystal 16
Crystal system 16 Crystalline 17 Crystallization 17 Cubic 17
Current bedding
(see: Cross-bedding)
Cyclothem 17
D
Deposit (see: Placer deposit; Superficial deposit; Unconsolidated deposit)
Desert soil 17 Diamond 17 Dike 18
Dike swarm 18 Diorite 18 Dolomite 18 Dyke (see: Dike)
E
Eluviation 18
Epoch 18
Erode, erosion 18
Essential mineral 19 Evaporite 19
Extrusive rock, extrusion 19
F
Facet 19
Facies 19
Fault 19
Feldspars 20 Ferromagnesian minerals 20 Fertile soil 20
Fertilizer 20–21 Fine-grained rocks 21 Flint (see: Fracture) Flocculation 21
Flood basalt 21 Foliation 21
Fool’s gold (see: Pyrite) Formation 21
Fossil 21
Fossil fuel
(see: Coal; Cyclotherm;
Fuel; Ore; Petroleum) Fracture 22
Fracture zone 22 Friable 22
Frost shattering
(see: Mountain soil)
Fuel 22 G
Gabbro 22 Galena 22 Gangue 22 Garnet 22
Gem, gemstone 22 Geode 22
Geology 22
Geosyncline 23
Glass (see: Fracture)
Gley 23
Gneiss 23
Gold 24
Grain 24
Granodiorite (see: Batholith) Granite 24
Grey-brown soil 24 Greywacke 24
Grit 24
Gulleying 24
Gypsum 24
H
Haematite 24 Halide minerals 25
Halite 25
Heavy soil 25 Hexagonal 25 Horizon, soil 25 Hornblende 25 Hornfels (see: Contact
metamorphism;
Metamorphic rock) Humus 25 Hydrothermal 26
I
Igneous rock 26
Illuviation 26
Impermeable 26 Impurities 26
Infiltration 26
Inorganic matter 26 Intrusive rock, intrusion 26 Iron pan 27
Iron sulphide (see: Pyrite) Irrigation 27
J
Joint 27
Jurassic (see: Period)
L
Laccolith 27
Laterite 27
Latosol 27
Lava 28
Law of superposition 28 Layered rock 28
Leach, leaching 28
Lead sulphide (see: Galena) Leaf litter 28
Light soil 28–29
Limestone 29
Lithosphere 30
Loam 30
Lode 30
Loess 30
Lustre 30
Magma 30
Manure 30
Marble 30–31
Matrix (see: Breccia) Metal 31
Metamorphic aureole 31 Metamorphic rock 31 Metamorphism (see:
Contact metamorphism; Metamorphic rock; Regional metamorphism)
Meteorite 32
Micas 32
Mineral 32
Mineral environment 32 Mineral matter 32 Mineralization 32 Moder 32
O
Obsidian 34
Oil (see: Petroleum) Olivine 34
Ore 34
Ore mineral 34 Organic matter 34 Orthoclase 34 Orthorhombic 34 Outcrop 34 Overburden 35 Oxide minerals 35
P
Pahoehoe lava (see: Lava) Parent material 35
Peat 35
Pegmatite 35
Percolation 35 Period 35
Permeable rock 35 Permeable soil 36 Permian (see: Period) Petroleum 36 Petroleum field 36 pH 36
Phenocryst 36
Phyllite (see: Metamorphic
rock)
Placer deposit 36 Plagioclase 37
Plate (see: Tectonic plate) Platinum (see: Native metal) Plutonic rock 37
Podzol 37
Pores 38
Porous rock 38
Porphyry, porphyritic
rock 38
Prairie soil 38 Prismatic 38
Pumice (see: Rhyolite) Pyrite 38
Q
Quartz 38 R
Regional metamorphism 38 Rendzina 38–39
Reniform 39 Reservoirrock 39 Reversed fault 39
Rhyolite 39
Rill 39
Rock 39
Rock cycle 40 Rock-forming minerals 40 Rock salt (see: Halite)
S
Salinization 40 Salt dome 40 Sand 40 Sandstone 40–441 Sandy soil 41 Schist 41
Scoria 41
Seams (see: Coal; Cyclothem) Sediment 41
Sedimentary rock 41
Series 42
Shale 42
Silica, silicate 42
Sill 42
Silt 42
Silty soil 42
Silver 42
Skarn 42
Slag 42
Slate 42
Slaty cleavage 43
Soapstone (see: Talc) Soil 43
Soil erosion 43 Sphalerite 44
Spring (see: Aquiclude;
Aquifer; Impermeable) Stalactites 44 Stalagmites 44
Stock 44
Stratigraphy 44 Stratovolcano 44 Stratum, strata 44
Streak 44
Structure, soil 44
Subsoil 45
Sulphides 45
Sulphur 45
Superficial deposit 45 Superposition (see: Law of
superposition) Super-volcano (see: Lava)
T
Talc 45
Tectonic plate 45 Texture, soil 45
Till (see: Parent material) Topsoil 46
Translucent 46 Transparent 46 Transport
(see: Erode, erosion) Triclinic 46
Tuff 46
Tundra soil 46
U
Unconformity 46 Unconsolidated deposit 46
V
Vein 46
Vertisol 46
Vesicle 47
Viscous, viscosity 47 Volcanic rock 47
(see: Igneous rock) Volcano (see: Stratovolcano)
W
Waterlog, waterlogged soil 47
Weathering, weather 47 Z
Zinc (see: Sphalerite)
Mohs’ scale of hardness Moisture, soil 32–33 Mor 33
Mountain limestone
(see: Limestone) Mountain soil 33 Muck 33 Mudstone 33 Mulch 33
Mull 33 Muscovite 33
N
Native metal 33 Normal fault 33 Nutrient 33
32
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