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Contents
Chapter 1: Earthquakes 4 Seismic waves 6 Properties of seismic waves 8 Earthquake magnitude and intensity 10 The geology of an earthquake 13 Patterns of earthquakes 15 Seismic gaps 18 Making use of earthquake waves 20
Chapter 2: Landforms and earthquakes 22 The Alaskan earthquake 22 Landscapes of faults and rifts 26
Chapter 3: Volcanoes 30 Convection: the source of volcanoes 30 The nature of volcanic activity 32 Types of eruptive material 35 Volcanic rocks 37 Shapes of volcanoes 40 The violence of an eruption 44
Chapter 4: Types of eruptions 46 Icelandic or fissure type 46 Hawaiian type 47 Strombolian type 50 Vulcanian type 50 Pelean type 50 Plinian type 51 Mount Saint Helens: anatomy of a violent eruption 52 Kilauea: quiet, constant eruption 57 Calderas and crater lakes 58